seljuk empire government

"Who Were the Seljuks?" (2020, August 26). It never developed into a Papacy, for the interpretation of the law and the faith had long passed to the ulama, the canonists and judges. ", "I delight to tell you what happened to us during LentThe Turks collected an army, fell suddenly upon our two leaders and forced them into a perilous flight. The Seljuk dynasty was Muslim Turkish Empire founded by Tughril Beg. About 950 a number of clans withdrew from the Ghuzz confederacy, and settled in and around Jand, along the lower reaches of the Jaxartes, under a chief named Seljuk. [Source: J.J. Saunders, A History of Medieval Islam, (London: Routledge, 1965), chap. Ibrahim / al-Husayn (joint rule): 37991: 9891000 It spanned a total area of 3.9 million square kilometres (1.5 million square miles) from Anatolia and the Levant in the west to the Hindu Kush in the east, and from Central . Sharif II: 394: 1004 Absolution from sin and eternal glory were promised to the Crusaders, who also hoped to gain land and wealth in the East. Hulegu's Ilkhanate, one of the great hordes of the Mongol Empire, ruled . The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids (/ s l t k / SEL-chuuk; Persian: Saljuqian, alternatively spelled as Seljuqs or Saljuqs), also known as Seljuk Turks, Seljuk Turkomans or the Saljuqids, was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to the Turco-Persian tradition in the medieval Middle East and Central Asia. Il-Arslan: 55167: 115672 Tughril recaptured Mosul, and returning to Baghdad in 1058 was solemnly received by Ka'im and given the title of 'King of the East and West'. According to the Metropolitan Museum of Art: Most historians consider the sermon preached by Pope Urban II at Clermont-Ferrand in November 1095 to have been the spark that fueled a wave of military campaigns to wrest the Holy Land from Muslim control. The Soviet Empire skillfully applied ideological penetration alongside the older military, political, and economic techniques of empire building. The Great Seljuk Empire emerged in the midst of division and chaos in the Islamic world. 9. The Seljuks occupied Baghdad in 1055, but the excesses and indiscipline of the tribesmen provoked a reaction among the populace, and Wasit, Mosul and other places went over to the Fatimids. The true culprit was a series of strategic and tactical mistakes that led to the collapse of Byzantine influence in Asia Minor, a blow they would never recover from. The amirs launched a military and propaganda campaign against them and rounded u suspected Ismailis and had them executed. Mucizz al-Dawla Ahmad: 32438: 93649 KhwarazmshahMa'munids: 385408: 9951017 Monarchy Absolute monarchy The Ottoman Empire was founded. The first half of the thirteenth century corresponds to the zenith of Seljuk power in Anatolia. [Source: Suzan Yalman, Department of Education, Based on original work by Linda Komaroff Metropolitan Museum of Art metmuseum.org \^/]. The Great Seljuk Empire was a Central Asian empire that controlled a Palestinian region on the east coast to some extent. The Seljuks called themselves a dynasty (dawla), sultanate (saltana), or kingdom (mulk); it was only the central Asian branch who grew to empire status. ZangidSinjar: 566617: 11701220 Karamanid: 654888: 12561483, To the west of the Seljuks were the Byzantines. Tughril was raised by his grandfather, Seljuk-Beg, who was in a high position in the Oghuz Yabgu State. Money generated fueled the wars fought between sea powers like Venice, Pisa and Genoa, and banking and overland trade powers like Florence and Milan. The crusaders answered back by catapulting heads of victims they had killed over the wall. SELJUK EMPIRE The Seljuk Empire's Administration The Seljuk Empire's Administration Introduction The Seljuk dynasty is counted as the first work of development and expansion of the Turkish nomadic tribe belonging to Central Asia. In Iraq power was held by the Buyid general Basasiri, who asked for help from Cairo in order to stop the advance of the Seljuks by declaring for the Fatimids. There Seljuk converted to Islam, and he died at the age of 107. Crusaders set up states along the Syrian coast. These castles were positioned along the overland and sea crusade routes, offering protection, lodging and medical care for the crusaders. They are most famous for their invasions and battles against the Byzantine Empire and later their role in the First Crusade. BuyidcUman: 363388: 974998 The Seljuk Empire united the eastern Islamic world, and fought in the Second Crusade. Anti-War Movement Antietam Apache tribe Art Deco Architecture Assassination of JFK Baby Boom Bacon's Rebellion Baltimore Riot 1861 Battle of Bunker Hill Battle of Fredericksburg Battle of Gettysburg Battle of Lexington and Concord Battle of Little Bighorn Battle of Saratoga Battle of Shiloh Battle of Vicksburg Battle of Yorktown Trkestan Orientaal's links to Turkic languages users.telenet.be/orientaal/turkcestan ; Turkish Culture Portal turkishculture.org ; Sayf al-Din Ghazi I: 54144: 114649 [Sources: National Geographic, "History of Warfare" by John Keegan, Vintage Books]. The Seljuk Empire was a vast military state that stretched for over one million square miles across modern-day Turkey, . Although the Seljuks were originally a Turkic people, they intermarried with the Persians and adopted much of their culture and language. The established a large empire that stretched from Kazakhstan to western China and embraced three important cities: Balasagun (present-day Buruna in Kyrzgzstan), Talas (present-day Tara in Kazakhstan) and Kashgar. The strongest of these tribes was the Seljuks. One by one the towns of Persia fell into Seljuk hands. Ikta holding tended to become hereditary and the 'fief thus escaped from the jurisdiction of the central government. [Rival ruler: 56789: 117293] In return for propping up the caliph, the Seljuks still close to the ir nomadic horseman roots were able to conquer in the name of Islam and keep the spoils of their conquests. The Anatolian ruler was known as the Sultan of Rum. Organized manpower meant surplus; the storing. [Source: Library of Congress, January 1995 *]. Establishment of castles during the Crusades helped make the Mediterranean safe for European vessels. Sharaf al-Dawla Shirzil: 37280: 98390 It was spread over a very large area that extended from the Hindu Kush mountains in the east to Anatolia in the west and from Central Asia in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south. The price paid was the creation of a military dictatorship, Badr, with the title of Amir al-Juyush, 'Commander of the Armies,' replacing the civilian wazir, and the Caliph being reduced almost to the level of the Abbasids under Buyid rule. Ghiyath al-Din Mascud III: 707: 1307, Menqchekid: 464ca. Baha' al-Dawla Firuz: 388403: 9981012 \=\, In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks established a small sultanate on Anatolia call Rum (Rome). Kakuyid: 398443: 10081051, Persian image of a standing soldier holding a sword, The Turks began their rise to power when one of their leaders was denied the hand of daughter from another tribe, the Juan Juans, who enlisted the Turk's help. Thus, equality of opportunity was ensured in Seljuk's communities. Later the Seljuks were able to win back much of the land taken by the Crusaders and managed to hold on to Anatolia through all Seventh Crusade. Fulad-Sutun (Fars only): 44754: 105562, BuyidKirman: 324440: 9361048 The Great Seljuk Empire became one of the major empires of Middle Eastern history and dominated Central Asia, Iran, Iraq and . Just as all seemed lost one of Crusaders had a vision that the lance used to pierce Christ's side before his crucifixion was buried underneath the castle. SeljuqRum: see below under Asia Minor: [Source: Pico Iyer, Smithsonian magazine, October 1986 ()], Later, the Seljuk sultan Sanjar was warned it was in his best interest to sign a peace treaty with the assassins when a dagger was plunged next to his bed while he slept. 2 reviews. Antioch castle was the site of a famous battle between 11th century Crusaders and Seljuk Turks. Among the most important of these overlapping dynasties were the Tahirids in Khorasan (820-72); the Saffarids in Sistan (867-903); and the Samanids (875-1005), originally at Bukhara (also cited as Bokhara). Part 2 examines social history, particularly with regard to the 'ulama' and the urban populations. The Great Seljuk Empire, or the Seljuk Empire was a high medieval, culturally Turko-Persian, Sunni Muslim empire, founded and ruled by the Qnq branch of Oghuz Turks. For forty Fridays the khutba was recited in the Abbasid capital in the name of Mustansir of Cairo. Apart from all the conquering and expansion throughout the Asian territories, the Seljuk dimension is also . Baha' al-Dawla Firuz: 388403: 9981012 47090: ca. They were named after one of one their early leaders and converted as a group to Islam through the efforts of Arab missionaries. It was founded by Tughril Beg in 1037. The word assassins, which was applied to these murderers, developed from a European corruption of the name applied to them in Syria, hashishiyya, because folklore had it that they smoked hashish before their missions. [Turkish governor: 490: 1097] For the first time in history, a Christian Emperor fell a prisoner into Muslim hands. SELJUKS. Category:Seljuk Empire. It is notionally a revival of the historical Sultanate of Rm (also known as Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate (Turkish: Anadolu Seluklu Devleti) or Seljuk State of Turkey (Turkish: Trkiye Seluklu Devleti)), a Turko-Persian Sunni Muslim state . Mahmud's son Mas'ud, attempting to bar their path, was routed with heavy loss at Dandankan near Merv in 1040, and retreated on Ghazna. To create or usurp an empire, a character needs to: Control at least 80% of its de jure territory The semi-feudal practice had grown up of paying high officials out of the taxes of certain fiscal districts: hence there was a serious loss of control by the central government. J.J. Saunders wrote in A History of Medieval Islam: In fact, Manzikert struck a fatal blow at Christian and imperial power in Anatolia. Seljuq, also spelled Seljuk, ruling military family of the Ouz (Ghuzz) Turkic tribes that invaded southwestern Asia in the 11th century and eventually founded an empire that included Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, and most of Iran. The Normans started a quarrel and refused to fight for the Emperor; his Turkish mercenaries, perhaps unwilling to face their kinsmen, deserted, and this, combined with Romanus's bad generalship, produced (August 1071) a catastrophic Byzantine defeat. No matter where you were in Anatolia, your ultimate goal was to reach the big city of Konya. Their conceptions of government were primitive, and despite the efforts of Nizam al-Mulk to instruct them in the principles of ancient Persian despotism, which he regarded as the only satisfactory form of rule, they treated their realm as family property to be divided up among sons and nephews, who if minors were entrusted to the care of atabegs ('father-chiefs'), usually generals of servile origin who governed their appanages until their wards came of age and who often became hereditary princes in their own right. The crusaders wore clothes stitched with crosses and mussel shells, and one of the main leaders was Duke Godfrey of Belgium. Seljuk Turks Period (1071-1243 AD) The Oguz Turks, under the leadership of Tugrul Bey and Cagri Bey, (the grandsons of Seljuk), subdued Horasan and defeated the Ghaznavids in the Dandanakan Battle and established the Great Seljuk Empire in 1040 AD. Szczepanski, Kallie. Such Turkmen tribes had converted to Sunni Islam in the 10th century. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/who-were-the-seljuks-195399. J.J. Saunders wrote in A History of Medieval Islam: The Abbasids, humiliated by their impotence, yearned for deliverance from their heretic masters, and entered into negotiations with Tughril. The Seljuk Empire was a medieval Turko-Persian empire, originating from the Qynyq branch of Oghuz Turks. 10 Most Indispensable Books on the Middle East, Islamic Civilization: Timeline and Definition, Biography of Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Seljuks on the Baltic: Polish-Lithuanian Muslim Pilgrims in the Court of Ottoman Sultan Sleyman I, J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. The local power of Atabegs also accelerated the collapse of the Seljuk empire. The first victim of the infamous assassins, an 11th century Muslim sect living in a cliffside fortress in Persia, was Nizam al-Mulk, Grand Vizier of the Seljuk sultan Malikshah. The leader married a daughter of Chinese group who united with Turks to break the Juan Juans. This point was driven home when Sanjar was given a demonstration of assassin loyalty by their leader Hasan-i Sabbah. Seljuk leaders maintained order on the local level through "amirs", nomadic military regimes that were mostly independent and took in revenues mostly for themselves, and "ulumas", Muslim clerics who used their influence to gain political power in a way not unlike modern Ayatollahs. cImad al-Din Zangi ibn Aq Sonqur: 52141: 112746 If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. It could not even preserve the religious and spiritual unity of the umma: half Islam had fallen to the Fatimids. They set up an empire known as "Great Seljuk Empire" that stretched from Anatolia to Punjab and was the target of the First Crusade. There were Baghdad Seljuk, Syrian Seljuk, and Anatolian Seljuk or Sultanate of Rum. Political power had been split up among the various members of the Buyid family. With Asia Minor, its principal source of soldiers and revenue, lost, menaced by the aggression of the Normans from Italy and the Pechenegs from across the Danube, the Byzantine Empire faced total ruin, and appeals for help to the Pope and the Latin world went out from Constantinople which produced twenty-five years after Manzikert the preaching of the First Crusade. Mucizz al-Din Malik Shah II: 498: 1105 The Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, which is what the Muslims called Anatolia, was based in Asia Minor between 10811308. All Turkish citizens over the age of 18 have the right to vote. cImad al-Dawla cAli: 32238: 93449 The Seljuks left a rich historical legacy. The Seljuks ruled for about a century before they were weakened by fights for succession that thrust Central Asia into another period marked by chaos and conflicts between feuding states. [Source: J.J. Saunders, A History of Medieval Islam, (London: Routledge, 1965), chap. It had no outlet to the Mediterranean since the Byzantines and the Fatimids had divided Syria between them. [15] It spanned a total area of 3.9 million square kilometres (1.5 million square miles) from Anatolia and the Levant in the west to the Hindu Kush in the east, and from Central Asia in the north to . Anatolia was seen as the new frontier . The Seljuk (pronounced "sahl-JOOK," and variously transliterated as Seldjuq, Seldjuk, or al-Salajiqa) refers to two branches of a dynastic Sunni (maybe, scholars are torn) Muslim Turkish confederation that ruled much of Central Asia and Anatolia in the 11th14th centuries CE. . The Seljuk dynasty ended with the invasion of the Mongols in 1243. In 1070 the Seljuks took Syria from the Fatimids and entered Byzantine territory. Although places like Cairo, Samarkand and Cordova were not under Seljuk rule they were able to prosper due to stability in the Muslim world and independence at home. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Hasanwayhid: 348405: 9591014 0 Reviews. The Mongols destroyed Baghdad and a number of other great Muslim cities. The Seljuks proceeded to unify the Muslim world again by conquering Iraq and eastern Asia Minor. A dreadful six years' famine had paralysed Egypt from 1067 to 1072; the civil government virtually broke down; thousands fled from the country, and the misery of those who remained was heightened by the brutal lawlessness of the Turkish, Berber and Sudanese slave soldiery who killed and robbed in quest of food and plunder. It was founded by Tughril Beg in 1037. One of the main differences between the Mongols and the Turks is that the Mongols tended to return home after their conquests while the Turks tended to stay in their conquered lands. ZangidAleppo: 541577: 11461181 At their height, the Seljuk sultan had himself invested as emperor by the caliph of Baghdad. With the Byzantine field-army gone, the Turks spread over the central plateau, so well adapted for pastoral settlement; in the struggles for the throne which now ensued, rival pretenders hired Turkish troops, and in this way the nomads got possession of towns and fortresses they could never have taken otherwise. It spanned a total area of 3.9 million square kilometres (1.5 million square miles) from Anatolia and the Levant in the west to the Hindu Kush in the east, and from Central Asia in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south. Ruler, Muslim dates A.H., Christian dates A.D. ZangidJazira: 576648: 11801250, Begteginid: 539630: 11451233 Dynasty, Ruler, Muslim dates A.H., Christian dates A.D. HamdanidMosul: 317391: 9271000 Rukn al-Din Berk-yaruq (Barkiyaruq): 48798: 10941105 By 1055, the Seljuks had reached and taken over Baghdad, which put an end to Buyid rule, and established themselves as the new protectors of the Abbasid caliphate and Sunni Islam. The Fatimids proved tougher opponents than might have been expected: the Seljuks were not destined to heal the schism that had rent the Muslim world for nearly two centuries. The Seljuks usurped power from the Abbasids and then embraced their culture, claiming Sunni Orthodoxy, declared themselves sultans "holder of power." Saru Khanid: 700813: 13001410 The Abbasid caliph, al-Qa'im, awarded the Seljuk leader Toghril Beg the title sultan for his assistance against a Shi'a adversary. The Turkish invasions played a role in . Qarakhanid: 382607: 9921222 Hasan said that he had 60,000 other men who prepared to the same: Sanjar showed good judgment, many would agree, by signing the peace treaty., See the Assassins, Under World Topics, Terrorism. Malik-Shah was a more cultivated man than his father and great-uncle, who were essentially rough tribal chiefs, and he wisely entrusted the civil administration to the great Persian minister usually known by his title Nizam al-Mulk, 'order of the kingdom'. Ralph of Caen, watching the city from the Mount of Olives, saw "the scurrying people, the fortified towers, the roused garrison, the men rushing to arms, the women in tears, the priests turned to their prayers, the streets ringing with cries, crashing, clanging and neighing." The Seljuks (Seluklular) were a Turkish tribe from Central Asia. Far from a monolithic, unified state, the Seljuk sultanate remained a loose confederation in what is today Turkey was called "Rum" (meaning "Rome"). "IX The Turkish Irruption" \=\, Ken Johnson wrote in the New York Times, The Great Seljuq Empire, which occupied most of western Asia and the Middle East from around 1040 to 1157, was among the more short-lived empires, and it left a comparatively modest material inheritance. cIzz al-Din Mascud I: 57289: 117693 The Seljuk name (in Arabic "al-Saljuqiyya"), comes from the long-lived family's founder Seljuk (ca. "IX The Turkish Irruption" \=], Many things were decided by this episode. The Seljuk Empire or Great Seljuk Empire (also spelled Seljuq) ( Persian: ) was a medieval Turko-Persian Sunni Muslim empire, originating from the Qynyq branch of Oghuz Turks. The Great Seljuk Empire or the Seljuk Empire was a high medieval Turko-Persian Sunni Muslim empire, originating from the Qiniq branch of Oghuz Turks. Perhaps he hardly grasped the significance of his victory. Tugrul forced the caliph (the spiritual leader of Islam) to recognize him as sultan, or temporal leader, in Persia and Mesopotamia. Sulayman ibn Qutlumush: 47079: 107786 Seljuk gave his name to both the Seljuk empire and the Seljuk dynasty. Rm is a formable nation that can be formed by any Turkish country other than the Ottomans that manages to assert dominance over Anatolia. We picture him as an impressive soldier in his thirties, his long moustaches tied over his tall Persian cap to prevent them interfering with his shooting. The Seljuks (Seljuqs, Sejuk Turks) were a clan of the Oghuz (or Ghuzz) Turks, who lived north of the Oxus River (present-day Amu Darya). The Byzantines had struck a deal, allowing the Crusaders to pass through Constantinople on their way to the Holy Land in return for handing over any territory they took from the Seljuks. Menteshadid: 700829: 13001426 Such material is made available in an effort to advance understanding of country or topic discussed in the article. World Religions edited by Geoffrey Parrinder (Facts on File Publications, New York); Arab News, Jeddah; Islam, a Short History by Karen Armstrong; A History of the Arab Peoples by Albert Hourani (Faber and Faber, 1991); Encyclopedia of the World Cultures edited by David Levinson (G.K. Hall & Company, New York, 1994). [Source: Library of Congress], Suzan Yalman of the Metropolitan Museum of Art wrote: By the close of the eleventh century, as the Seljuk realm in Iran became troubled due to internal conflicts and the division of the realm among heirs, the empire dissolved into separate territories governed by different branches of the dynasty. The Seljuk Empire stretched from Anatolia to Pakistan.It was replaced by the Khwarezmian Empire in 1194.. Eventually there would come to be an eastern and western half, with the eastern based at Merv, in modern Turkmenistan, and the western in Rayy (near modern day Tehran), Isfahan, Baghdad, and Hamadhan. The British Empire, like those of France, Portugal, and Spain, used its maritime power and supremacy in global trade. "IX The Turkish Irruption" \=], But in 1073 Mustansir called in the governor of Acre, Badr al-Jamali, a brilliant general of Armenian birth, to restore order; the mutinous troops were disciplined, the defences of Cairo were strengthened, trade revived, the revenues rose, and prosperity returned. Malik-Shah could not tolerate this, and gave his brother Tutush charge of the Syrian front. The history of Seljuks in another post-Islam era in Iran that begins with Togrul Beg and his brother, Chaghri Beg. In a society where the fundamental distinction was between believer and unbeliever, the fact that the Turks were Muslims counted for much; but even so, the educated city-dweller could scarcely avoid a feeling of disgust at the presence of these coarse and uncouth sons of the steppes. cIzz al-Din Qilich Arslan III: 600601: 1204 Political intrigue and instability in the capital coupled with an army that consisted of more mercenaries than loyal Byzantines were concomitants but they were of secondary importance. This period was short lived. Organizations that ran the hospitals and protected the castles, like the Knights of St. John, became as powerful as nations. /*/, Websites and Resources: Ottoman Empire and Turks: The Ottomans.org theottomans.org ; Ottoman Text Archive Project University of Washington courses.washington.edu ; Wikipedia article on the Ottoman Empire Wikipedia ; The Seljuk Empire stretched from Anatolia to Pakistan. The territory, controlled by the Seljuks between 10811308, was never exactly defined, and it never included all of what is today modern Turkey. [Interregnum: 47985: 108692] The urban merchant class resented the loss of trade and the arrogance of the military aristocracy. In Khwarazm, an independent branch of rulers overtook and came to be called "Khwarazmian" (490/1077-628/1231). : 1038 - 1157 ( 1194 ): . Dhu-l-Qadrid: 738928: 13371552 Fakhr al-Dawla cAli: 37387: 98397 Ghiyath al-Din Kay Khusraw II: 63444: 123746 An Empire is the highest tier of landed titles in Crusader Kings II, above kingdom. A message that followed read: "Did I not wish the sultan well that dagger which was struck hard into the hard ground would have been placed in his soft breast." SELJUKS (Arab.Saljq), dynasty of Turkic origin which ruled *Iran and the surrounding countries in the 11 th and 12 th centuries. Nasir al-Din Mahmud I: 48587: 109294 9. Who Were the Seljuks? Zaehner (Barnes & Noble Books, 1959); Metropolitan Museum of Art, National Geographic, BBC, New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Smithsonian magazine, The Guardian, BBC, Al Jazeera, Times of London, The New Yorker, Time, Newsweek, Reuters, Associated Press, AFP, Lonely Planet Guides, Library of Congress, Comptons Encyclopedia and various books and other publications. "The Great Seljuks: Guardians of Justice" narrated the rise of the empire under the leadership of Alp Arslan's son, Malikshah, and Malikshah's son, Ahmad Sanjar, who later inherited his father's throne. In 1261 Michael Palaeologus of Nicaea drove the Latins from Constantinople and restored the Byzantine Empire, but as an essentially Balkan state reduced in size to Thrace and northwestern Anatolia. First, the Fatimids lost their last chance of repeating the success of the Abbasids in 750: the failure of Basasiri's coup in Baghdad meant that the Alid Caliph would be restricted to Egypt and the neighbouring lands and would never acquire universal dominion in Islam. The political was based on the Islam laws, the government was militar. ArtugidHisn Kayfa line: 491629: 10981232 Ruler, Muslim dates A.H., Christian dates A.D. The cleavage widened, however, between the unruly gazi warriors and the state-building bureaucracy in Konya. Byzantine territory was greatly reduced by the defeat at Manzikert in 1071. The Seljuk Turks were nomadic horsemen who converted to Islam and recognized the Abbasid caliph. Dulafid: 210284: 825898 Shams al-Dawla: 387412: 9971021 They brought Turkic culture and Islam into Anatolia, and later morphed into the Ottoman Empire. cAli II: 39294: 10024 Rukn al-Din Sulayman II: 592600: 11961204 cImad al-Din Marzuban: 41940: 102848 In the 11th Turkish tribes began invading western Asia from their homelands in Central Asia. In a review of Erik Hildingers Warriors of the Steppe, Christopher Berg wrote: As others have pointed out, the real threat was a combination of poor decisions by the Emperor Romanus IV Diogenes. Ghiyath al-Din Mascud II (4th reign): 7024: 13035 army commanded by Genghis's grandson Hulegu Khan defeated the Seljuks in the Battle of Kosedag and brought down the Seljuk Empire. A serious internal threat to the Seljuks, came from the Ismailis, a secret sect with headquarters at Alumut between Rasht and Tehran. Seljuks In the 11th century, a Turcoman tribe called the Seljuks set up a state in Iran, with Isfahan as their capital. (Ottoman is derived from Uthman, the Arabic form of Osman.) Although successful in the west, the Seljuk sultanate in Baghdad reeled under attacks from the Mongols in the east and was unable--indeed unwilling--to exert its authority directly in Anatolia. Ghiyath al-Din Mascud II (2nd reign): 68392: 128493 Sayf al-Dawla cAli I: 33356: 94567 When Badr died in 1094, a few months before the aged Caliph, Seljuk hopes of restoring Egypt to orthodoxy had been frustrated, and the rival parties were still struggling for the control of Syria, a situation highly advantageous to the Latin Crusaders who broke into the Levant three or four years later. \=\. Their vehement orthodoxy checked the spread of Isma'ilism, which was in future able to operate only as an underground terrorist movement whose agents became notorious as the Assassins. Baghdad, Isfahan, Nishapur, and many more. Ghiyath al-Din Mascud II (1st reign): 68183: 128284 It ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to the 14th centuries. Under the Ayyubid sultanate, Mamluk generals used their power to establish a dynasty that ruled Egypt and Syria from 1250 to 1517. Text Sources: Internet Islamic History Sourcebook: sourcebooks.fordham.edu Suzan Yalman of the Metropolitan Museum of Art wrote: The Seljuks became the new rulers of the eastern Islamic lands following their defeat of the powerful Ghaznavids at the Battle of Dandanakan (1040). Dynasty, Ruler, Muslim dates A.H., Christian dates A.D. They came to a special relationship with the Muslim caliph, who at the time was very weak and needed military support. 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