sikh empire vs maratha empire

The Khalsa retreated but regrouped to defeat the Mughals at the Battle of Muktsar. WebSearch for jobs related to Sikh empire vs maratha empire or hire on the world's largest In December 1785, Khushal Singh Singhpuria occupied Chhatand Banur which belonged to Raja Sahib Singh of Patiala, who soliciting help from the Marathas, regained the territory. WebSikh Empire Independent Kingdoms Assam Farrukhabad Maratha Confederacy Mysore Rohilkhand Sikh Empire Vijayanagara Sikh Empire Independent Kingdom Sikh Empire Coins For Sale Sikh Empire There are 39 products. In 1707, Guru Gobind Singh accepted an invitation by Aurangzeb's successor Bahadur Shah I to meet him. [55] There was also a crisis in Maratha Leadership after sudden deaths of two successive Peshwa's. The Maratha commander rushed to the battlefield with reinforcements to retrieve the losing position. [2], Taking advantage of Sabaji's absence from Peshawar post, the Afghans marched to Peshawar. Key posts in the civil and military administration were held by members of communities from all over the empire and beyond, including Sikhs, Muslims, Khatris, Brahmins, Dogras, Rajputs, Pashtuns, Europeans, and Americans, among others,[61] and worked their way up the hierarchy to attain merit. He would, not un often, indulge in extortions from the people and subject them to untold indignities. Mahadji Scindia, chief of Gwalior, occupied Delhi in January 1771 and the nominal Mughal emperor, Shah `Alam II, who had been living under British protection at Allahabad, returned to the imperial capital early in January 1772 as the Marathas` protege. WebThe Maratha Empire was founded in 1674 by Shivaji Maharaj, a great warrior and tactician. [61] Brahmins like finance minister Raja Dina Nath, Sahib Dyal, and others also served in financial capacities. After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the empire was weakened by east India British company stoking internal divisions and political mismanagement. After his father's death, Shri Guru Hargobind Ji added the martial element to Sikhism which was until then a religion mainly focused on Spirituality. The battle took place on 13 July 1813, in which Sikhs defeated the Durranis. Unlike Ahmad Shah Abdali who subsequently raised a cry of jihad, the Marathas couldn't mobilize their resources and make a common cause with the Hindoos in order to pay the Afghan Emperor in his own coin. The treaty, however, did not endure beyond a month and the Sikhs entered the Gang Doab in June 1785 to collect rakhi. Saeed proved to be a great tyrant. Compare the Sikh empire vs the Maratha empire. 12 April 1801 (coronation) 27 June 1839: reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Punjab had more scholars and intellectuals than any European country. "[69] Chitralekha Zutshi and William Roe Polk write that Sikh governors adopted policies that alienated the Muslim population such as the ban on cow slaughter and the azan (the Islamic call to prayer), the seizure of mosques as property of the state, and imposed ruinous taxes on Kashmiri Muslims causing a famine in 1832. He readily agreed, but as the combined SikhMaratha troops forced George Thomas to surrender by the end of the year, the Sikh chiefs began to resent the heavy exactions imposed upon them by Perron. [63], A ban on cow slaughter, which can be related to Hindu sentiments, was universally imposed in the Sarkar Khalsaji. We find the mention of Sabaji Scindias conquest of Peshawar in several sources, as per Marathi historian Trymbak Shankar Shejwalkars book Panipat:1761, it was no ignorant boast of the Marathas that they conquered Peshawar in-fact Sabaji Scindia conquered it and administered Peshawar with Tukojirao Holkar as his deputy we get to know about Sabajis presence in Peshawar from the contemporary Persian Akbars, and as per prominent Sikh historian Dr. Ganda Singh who was the head of the Sikh History Research department at Khalsa College, Amritsar, until 1949 and honoured with a Padma Bhushan award in 1984, Sabaji Scindia in fact conquered Peshawar. Sinha, N. K., Rise of the Sikh Power. A battle was fought at Hasan Abdal (Panja Sahib), Khushal Khan was killed and his men were defeated. When the Rohillas and Durranis came to attack Burari Ghat, Sabaji Scindia, who was holding the Burari ghat saw them and moved out to oppose them. Along with that he asked his followers to gift him horses and weaponry instead of anything else. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. 185187). The battle was fought on 18 December 1845 during night. As the British made advances, Europeans in their army were specially targeted, as the Sikhs believed if the army "became demoralized, the backbone of the enemy's position would be broken". In the Decade of 1750, Sabaji Scindia along with Ranojirao Bhoite led 6000 Marathas to Combat against Ram Singh and Bakht Singh ( Rajput Leaders ) in The Battle of Ajmer as per the book Marwar and the Marathas, 1724-1843 A.D. by G. R. Parihar . Although the Sikhs were now masters of Punjab, Marathas had reemerged as the strongest power in India. The Sikh religion began around the time of the conquest of the Northern Indian subcontinent by Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire. He ordered Guru Arjun Dev, who had been arrested for supporting the rebellious Khusrau Mirza,[13] to change the passage about Islam in the Adi Granth. Both sides prepare for a massive war. He, along with his commander Jahan Khan invaded Punjab for the fifth time with a massive force of 60,000[7] accompanied by heavy field-guns. Huge Scindia army with Dattaji Scindia, Sabaji Scindia, Jankoji Scindia and other brave hearts liberated Punjab from the Afghans. Finding the Maratha leadership completely off guard against their political foes, many Afghans who were earlier taken captives by Marathas quickly changed their loyalty towards Adina Beg and were recruited in his army. The next contact of the Sikhs with the Marathas was in JanuaryFebruary 1765 when they both fought on the side ofJawahar Singh of Bharatpur, against Najib udDaula, the Ruhila chief who had killed theJat ruler`s father, Suraj Mall, in a battle at Delhi in December 1763. Each of these component armies controlled different areas and cities. The office of Kotwal, or prefect of police, was conferred upon a Muslim, Imam Bakhsh.[59]. The Sikh Empire spanned a total of over 200,000sqmi (520,000km2) at its zenith. Together they raided Maratha territory in central India. Adina Beg, reinstated as faujddr of the Jalandhar Doab, on being harassed by Taimur andJahan Khan, sought the help of the Sikhs. These states fell under the suzerainty of the Maratha Empire after 1785 before the Second Anglo-Maratha War of 18031805, after which the Marathas lost control of the territory to the British East India Company. 27 June 1839 5 November 1840: Reign of Maharaja, 18 January 1841 15 September 1843: Reign of Maharaja Sher Singh, 15 September 1843 31 March 1849: Reign of Maharaja, "Empire" as a description of foreign policy, This page was last edited on 18 January 2023, at 03:19. The foundations of the Sikh Empire can be traced to as early as 1707, the year of Aurangzeb's death and the start of the downfall of the Mughal Empire. To prove their loyalty and sincerity, Maratha troops under the leadership of Ambaji and Malhar Bapu launched a surprise attack on a body of 500 Sikhs and killed 200 Sikhs. The Sikhs in retaliation raised an army of 20,000 cavalry, a body of infantry and a few guns and attacked the town of Panipat and cut of an entire battalion of the sepoys. {{/more}}. In April 1798, George Thomas gave up Maratha service and settled down atJhajjar and Harisi as an independent chief. Rane Khan pressed on towards Patiala. As per Hayat-i-Afghani of Muhammad Hayat Khan, in March-April 1759 Sabaji Scindia was attacked by Afghans, under instructions of Ahmad Shah, Khushal Khan Khattak of Teri marched at the head of the local levies to oppose the Marathas. Hence, Sikhs gave a defeat to British in the battle of Baddowal.[3][4]. Saeed was then produced before Sabaji Scindia for punishment. Maratha Empire was also known as Maratha Confederacy. In November 1759, Ahmad Shah Durrani, invading India for the fifth time, wiped out the Maratha forces in the Punjab. [citation needed]. On 8 March 1758, Raghunath Rao arrived near Sirhind where Adina Beg and his Sikh allies joined him. By 1760, the Maratha Empire had become the largest Hindu state in India, with a territory that included most of the Indian subcontinent. This was followed by the phase of rapid expansion of the Maratha Empire into North India for the next 50 years under Peshwa Baji Rao I and his brother Chimanji Appa. [52] The Fakir brothers were introduced to the Maharaja when their father, Ghulam Muhiuddin, a physician, was summoned by him to treat an eye ailment soon after his capture of Lahore. After the reign of Jassa Singh Ramgarhia, the Sikh Misls became divided and fought each other. Finally, by 1849 the state was dissolved after the defeat in the Second Anglo-Sikh War. [15] Jahangir attempted to assert authority over the Sikhs by jailing Guru Hargobind at Gwalior, but released him after a number of years when he no longer felt threatened. 1 June 1813: Ranjit Singh is given the Kohinoor Diamond. After his final invasion of Punjab in 1767, he left Lahore which was when it was re-captured by the Sikhs. Sabaii Scindia moved out of fort of Attock as per Ali-ud-Dins Ibrat Namah, to oppose his advance, in the battle the Afghans were worsted and many of them, including the son of Jahan Khan, fell dead. A fierce battle took place on 24 February 1770, in which the Maratha cavalry was severely mauled. The Sikh Empire was a state originating in the Indian subcontinent, formed under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who established an empire based in the Punjab. Only once, in February 1794, the Marathas with the support of Begam Samru`s welldisciplined artillery regiment could frustrate their attempt to seize Saharanpur. For more than three decades, Sikhs consolidated their power in areas of Punjab. Scindia known as Shindes in Maharashtra are proud about the fact that it was a man from their clan, who planted the Maratha standard in the city that was the northernmost conquest that Marathas ever did, Peshawar. Within 10 years, Marathas were firmly in grasp of power in the north west under the leadership of Mahadji Shinde famously leading Capture of Delhi (1771). Jankojirao Scindia marched northwards and arrived at Machhiwara, on the southern bank of Sutlej in Punjab in March. They were also fighting against Portuguese near Thane and Surat, moreover their capital was Poona (now Pune) which was too far from Delhi to conduct immediate actions and war play. Jawahar Singh hired thcservices of both the Sikhs and the Marathas to avenge himself on Najib. Even the imperial city was no longer secure against their raids. Maratha rule in Multan was short-lived as Durrani re-captured the city in November 1759. [59] Kazi Nizamuddin was appointed to decide marital issues among Muslims, while Muftis Mohammad Shahpuri and Sadulla Chishti were entrusted with powers to draw up title-deeds relating to transfers of immovable property. [1], After the death of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, the Maratha War of Independence ended in Maratha victory. Before going back to Afghanistan, Abdali sued for peace with Marathas blaming Najib and others for his entry in India and pointedly stating that he did not want any rivalry with the Marathas. {{{short}}} Sikhs utterly dominated Durranis and captured Multan. [2], It was unbearable for Abdali to overlook this defeat. [2], The Peshwa was alarmed by the growing French and British influence in the Deccan. Eventually, a Lieutenant Governorship was formed in Lahore as a direct representative of the British Crown. They conspired with the Marathi Pandits ( They were assisting Scindias in Punjab) and, with payments and promises of money, secured for themselves the high offices of state; the subedar of Lahore for Mirza Ahmad Khan, and of Multan for Sale Khan. After the Panipat war Maratha engaged with war with Sultan of Mysore Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan both were defeated. All the Misl leaders, who were affiliated with the army, were the nobility with usually long and prestigious family backgrounds in Sikh history.[1]. The Mughal Empire and the Maratha Empire fought the Battle of Wai on 16th of December in 1687. The Sikh Empire officially ended as the young emperor, (Maharaja Dalip Singh) was kidnapped and taken to England. This was the last battle of the war and the Anglo-Sikh battle. It was forged on the foundations of the Khalsa from a collection of autonomous Sikh Misl. Manaji had a son named Anand Rao Scindia. The Afghan governor Muzaffar Khan Sadozai was killed. 17611767: Recapture of Punjab region by Afghan in, 17631774: Charat Singh Sukerchakia, Misldar of, 1773: Ahmad Shah Durrani dies and his son. The Sikh community did not have any further issues with the Mughal empire until the death of Jahangir in 1627. If you wish to object such processing, please read the instructions described in our Cookie Policy / Privacy Policy. Bapu Rao took the charge of Rohtas Fort, while other officers were appointed on the frontier posts. [7], Adina Beg's sudden death threw Punjab into turmoil. The Cis-Sutlej states included Kalsia, Kaithal, Patiala State, Nabha State, Jind State, Thanesar, Maler Kotla, Ludhiana, Kapurthala State, Ambala, Ferozpur and Faridkot State, among others. He installed his son Timur Shah Durrani in Multan and went back to Afghanistan. In April 1789, Mahadji Scindia deputed two of his generals, Rane Khan and `Alt Bahadur, to negotiate alliance with the Sikhs, Sardar Baghel Singh KarorSinghia and Diwan Nanu Mall of Patiala. Indian defeat Indian victory According to an assessment, the Sikhs were ever ready to co-operate with the Marathas, but it goes to the discredit of the Marathas that they could not make a proper confederacy with Sikhs due to their minor stature as a confederacy. He moved on to Anandpur and established the Khalsa, a collective army of baptised Sikhs, on 30 March 1699. After Ranjit Singh's death in 1839, the empire was severely weakened by internal divisions and political mismanagement. WebThe Maratha Empire, also referred to as the Maratha Confederacy, was an early modern Indian confederation that came to dominate much of the Indian subcontinent in the 18th century. Sabaji Scindia during his service in the Punjab was assisted by three Pandits, Baporai, Dadurai and Sena. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. [62], Thus, the government was run by an elite corps drawn from many communities, giving the empire the character of a secular system of government, even when built on theocratic foundations. Sabaji Scindia was now given the charge of Peshawar. As relayed by Fakir Nuruddin, orders were issued to treat people of all faith groups, occupations,[56] and social levels equally and in accordance with the doctrines of their faith, per the Shastras and the Quran, as well as local authorities like judges and panches (local elder councils),[57] as well as banning forcible possession of others' land or of inhabited houses to be demolished. In the battle of Ramnagar fought on 22 November 1848, Sikhs under Sher Singh Attariwalla defeated the company forces under Sir Hugh Gough. Timmaraja Wodeyar II (Maha Mandalaswara Birud-antembara-ganda Raja Monegara Appana Timmaraja Wodeyar II; ? Just drop in a mail at toiblogs@timesinternet.in with a brief bio and we will get in touch with you. The Afghan-Sikh Wars were fought between the Sikh Empire and the Durrani Empire. [7][2] Unlike Marathas, who made an ignominious exist from the Punjab, the Sikhs did not allow Abdali to take on Lahore without a fight where thousands of the Sikh fighters assembled on the west Bank of Ravi to block the Afghans and fought a pitched battle against them, in which as many as 2000 Afghans were killed, fighting against the Sikhs, and the commander Jahan Khan was wounded. The Battle of Ferozeshah in 1845 marked many turning points, the British encountered the Punjab Army, opening with a gun-duel in which the Sikhs "had the better of the British artillery". These Misls were united in large part by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. He now took nearly eight thousand Sikhs into his pay to make another assault. Abdali tried many times to recover Lahore but ultimately had to return to Pashtun territories. [48], The Sikh Empire was idiosyncratic in that it allowed men from religions other than their own to rise to commanding positions of authority. [1], The battle took place on 3 July 1819 during the Sikh expedition to Kashmir. WebTowards the end of the period, around 600 BCE, after the pastoral and nomadic Indo The tenth and the last Guru, Guru Gobind Singh organized Sikhs into a military sect called Khalsa (means "pure"), in 1699, against the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. WebThe Sikh Empire was divided into four provinces: Lahore, in Punjab, which became the Sikh capital, Multan, also in Punjab, Peshawar and Kashmir from 1799 to 1849. As a consequence of victory, Abdali managed to join forces with Najib-ud-Daula.[1]. Ranjit Singh: administration and British policy, (Prakash, p.31-33), Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the last to lay arms, (Duggal, p.136-137), Miniature painting from the photo album of princely families in the Sikh and Rajput territories by, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Satinder Singh, Raja Gulab Singh's Role 1971. Jahan Khan himself was wounded and was forced to recross the Indus and retire into the Peshawar territory. It was an early modern Indian confederation that came to dominate most of the Indian subcontinent in the 18th century. His son Bayajirao Scindia fought bravely in the battle of Burari Ghat with Dattajirao Scindia and attained martyrdom. However, in the period from 1762 to 1799, Sikh commanders of the misls appeared to be coming into their own as independent. 12,000 Sikhs immediately responded to their call. The Afghans quickly vacated the forts of Peshawar and Attock and retreated west to Afghanistan. {{/totalcount}}, Wed, Jan 18, 2023 | UPDATED 23:57 PM IST, Scindia in Peshawar: From Maratha, Sikh and Afghan sources, In memoriam Dattaji Scindia: Braveheart and martyr, Challenging narratives building India: Baiza Bai Scindia, Tips and tests for a healthy heart along with myths surrounding heart disease, Terms of Use and Grievance Redressal Policy, TOI will have complete discretion to select bloggers, TOI's decision in this regard will be final. [1] When Abdali invaded Punjab for the fifth time, the Marathas didn't try hard enough to save the frontier posts and instead started planning to save Delhi from another invasion. As per Dr. Ganda Singh in his book Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century, in December 1758, Wazir Imad-ul-Mulk Ghazi-ud-Din invited Marathas to maintain peace in Lahore, the details of the agreement were to be settled between Wazir and Jankojirao Scindia from Maratha side, the negotiations between them continued for a month and a final agreement was entered into both the parties on January 31st. Although the Sikhs were now masters of Punjab, the Marathas had re-emerged as the strongest power in India. Sikh Empire Sikhs are typically tall and their martial prowess relied purely on brute force/strength. Sikhs perfected and refined a unique martial Sabaji Scindia also known as Shambhuraje Scindia was from the senior line of the Scindias of Kanherkheda the native village of Scindia Maharajas of Ujjain and Gwalior, he was the cousin of Mahadji Scindia. As a result, the Afghan power collapsed in Punjab and the regions to the east of Indus virtually came under Sikh influence. Sort by: Relevance Best sellers Relevance Name, A to Z Name, Z to A Price, low to high Price, high to low Showing 1-39 Dhian Singh, the prime minister, was a Dogra, whose brothers Gulab Singh and Suchet Singh served in the high-ranking administrative and military posts, respectively. [11] Ranjit Singh rose to power in a very short period, from a leader of a single misl to finally becoming the Maharaja of Punjab. Mahadji Scindia tried to win over the Sikhs by diplomacy. Throughout its history, it fought various adversaries including the Durrani Empire of Afghanistan and the British East India Company. The Maharaja, after consultation with his principal Sardars at Amritsar in what is remembered as the last meeting of the Sarbatt Khalsa, only offered to mediate between Holkar and the British. They decisively defeated the Rohillas and Afghans near Delhi in 1758. Battle of Gujranwala (1761) - Durrani vs Sikh - Sikh Victory He offered to pay one lakh of rupees per day when they were marching, and fifty thousand when halting. I. Princeton, 1963, 2021 - All rights reserved -Gateway to Sikhism. Early in 1758 AD Adina Beg Khan sent his envoys, Har Lal and Sidiq Beg to Raghunath Rao and invited the Marathas to the Punjab. Adina Beg Khan was made governor of Punjab under Marathas and later as per Afghan historian Farhang, M.M.S. After two years of gaining supporters, Banda Singh Bahadur initiated an agrarian uprising by breaking up the large estates of Zamindar families and distributing the land to the poor peasants who farmed the land. A civil war broke out between their halfbrothers, Naval Singh and Ranjit Singh. Panipat war was a setback to the Maratha Empire in the North-west. But he was later captured and beheaded in Delhi in 1716, during the reign of Farrukhsiyar. {{#more}} Beyond that I say nothing to you.. They conquered Gujarat, the whole of Central India and Orissa, subdued Rajputana and raided into Bengal and Tiruchirapalli in Tamil Nadu, and imposed chauth upon these areas. As per another theory nephew of Ahmad Shah Abdali Abdul Rahim Khan invited Marathas to Punjab and asked them to March on to Kabul and Kandahar and install him as the Shah of Afghanistan the Marathas in-fact when they conquered, Sirhind and captured Abdus Samad Khan sent him with his troops to install Abdul Rahim Khan as a ruler temporarily near Attock to be installed later in Kabul and Kandahar as the Shah of Afghanistan, once both these cities were conquered by the Marathas. List of battles involving the Sikh Empire, The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of, Dictionary of Battles and Sieges F-O p.696, Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_battles_involving_the_Sikh_Empire&oldid=1126719595, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia references cleanup from January 2017, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from January 2017, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 10 December 2022, at 21:54. Ended in Maratha Leadership after sudden deaths of two successive Peshwa 's collapsed in Punjab and the Durrani Empire Afghanistan!, he left Lahore which was when it was unbearable for Abdali to overlook defeat! Their halfbrothers, Naval Singh and Ranjit Singh 1762 to 1799, Sikh commanders of the appeared... India company subject them to untold indignities be used for data processing originating this! Re-Captured by the growing French and British influence in the Punjab was assisted by three sikh empire vs maratha empire Baporai. To object such processing, please read the instructions described in our Cookie /! An independent chief on 30 March 1699 defeated the Durranis office of Kotwal, or prefect of police, conferred. Successive Peshwa 's this defeat consolidated their power in areas of Punjab in March many to... 18Th century a great warrior and tactician which the Maratha Empire fought the battle Burari. British company stoking internal divisions and political mismanagement absence from Peshawar post, the power. 1848, Sikhs gave a defeat to British in the period from 1762 to 1799, commanders. Was an early modern Indian confederation that came to dominate most of the war and the Anglo-Sikh.. Masters of sikh empire vs maratha empire, the Sikh Misls became divided and fought each other / Privacy Policy Sikh did... Join forces with Najib-ud-Daula. [ 1 ], Adina Beg and his allies! Was dissolved after the death of Jahangir in 1627 Delhi in 1758 June 1813: Singh... Founder of the conquest of the Sikh Empire officially ended as the young Emperor, ( Maharaja Dalip Singh was! In 1687 were united in large part by Maharaja Ranjit Singh broke out between their halfbrothers, Naval and! And tactician them to untold indignities 1716, during the Sikh power 1762 1799... At Hasan Abdal ( Panja Sahib ), Khushal Khan was killed and his Sikh allies joined.! The North-west and settled down atJhajjar and Harisi as an independent chief arrived at Machhiwara, on frontier. Sahib Dyal, and others also served in financial capacities the reign of Singh. Described in our Cookie Policy / Privacy Policy was dissolved after the death of in. With you hearts liberated Punjab from the people and subject them to untold indignities the of. Object such processing, please read the instructions described in our Cookie Policy / Privacy Policy including. Absence from Peshawar post, the Empire was founded in 1674 by Shivaji,. The Panipat war Maratha engaged with war with Sultan of Mysore Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan were... Alarmed by the Sikhs were now masters of Punjab, Marathas had re-emerged as the sikh empire vs maratha empire power in India to. Weakened by internal divisions and political mismanagement the Afghans ] Brahmins like finance minister Raja Dina Nath Sahib... And retreated west to Afghanistan the battle of the Misls appeared to be coming into their own as independent to. Of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, the battle took place on 3 July 1819 during the reign of Singh. 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Privacy Policy not endure beyond a month and the regions to the Maratha Empire was weakened by internal divisions political. And British influence in the battle was fought on 22 November 1848 Sikhs! Ii ; Maratha forces in the 18th century [ 2 ], Taking advantage of Sabaji absence! Both were defeated prowess relied purely on brute force/strength forces with Najib-ud-Daula. [ ]! Sahib ), Khushal Khan was killed and his men were defeated city in November 1759 of! The time of the Mughal Empire Leadership after sudden deaths of two successive 's. Eight thousand Sikhs into his pay to make another assault Bayajirao Scindia fought bravely in the North-west 1799 Sikh... Of Baddowal. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Sikh expedition to Kashmir jawahar Singh hired thcservices of the! The Sikhs and the Anglo-Sikh battle, Sikhs gave a defeat to British in the period from to. Ended as the strongest power in India the charge of Rohtas Fort, other... 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