what was the outcome of chief sweetgrass signing treaty 6

He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass). Governor Morris considered the provisions the leaders had asked for and was willing to make some concessions, but he would not agree to all of them. They were mostly Woods Cree and Dene and had not been influenced by Christianity and farming as the others who signed Treaty at Fort Carlton (Stonechild and Waiser 22). [8] Children did not wear much clothing and boys wore nothing until the age of five. Although Treaty 6 was significant in advancing the settlement of the lands, First Nations faced difficult times ahead and the promises of Treaty were never fully realized to present day. First Nations started hearing rumors that their lands were being sold without their consent. Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians but was killed about six months later. Is Edmonton on Treaty 6 land? He was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. Treaty 6 encompasses 17 First Nations in central Alberta including the Dene Sulin, Cree, Nakota Sioux and Saulteaux peoples. Morris reassured the First Nations that their way of life and survival would not be disturbed and guaranteed well into the future. The Chiefs asked that firewater (alcohol) not be sold to them and be banned from their reserves. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Popular. Beardy was not granted his request to have the treaty payments made at the site he had envisioned, Morris did not want to accommodate Beardy and viewed his lack of participation in the negotiations as an inconvenience to the process (Stonechild and Waiser 22). The Chiefs that were present waited for other Chiefs and their followers to arrive, but Big Bear, Sweetgrass, and Little Pine were hunting on the prairies at the time. They needed to know what the government planned to do to help the people suffering due to the decimation of the buffalo and disease that had killed many. His mother was kidnapped during a war with the Cree from a tribe, which was located around Missouri. In 1882, Young Sweet Grass and seventeen followers joined Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote (Strikes him on the back), who had signed Treaty 6 at Fort Carlton on August 28, 1876. what I will promise, and what I believe and hope you will take, is to last as long as the sun shines and yonder rivers flow., Negotiating the Terms: Friday August 18, 1876, For several days the Chiefs met and waited for others to arrive. The same day, the chiefs and headmen of the Fort Pitt bands (including Cree, Chipewyan [Ojibwe] and Assiniboine peoples) signed Treaty 6. 1282 101 St, North Battleford, SK S9A 0Z8. Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote was chief from 1876 to 1883; but he was deposed in 1884, and Young Sweet Grass became chief. (, A few months after the Pitt meeting, Chief Sweetgrass was shot and killed by accident with the gun presented to him as a treaty gift, at the hands of his best friend. Later that year, Sweet Grass was converted to Roman Catholicism by Father Albert Lacombe and was baptized with the Christian name Abraham. [32] This type of thinking immediately damaged Indigenous communities as they were self-governing cultures that evolved much like any other. In exchange for Indigenous title to their land (see Indigenous Territory), Treaty 6 provided: an annual cash payment of $25 per chief; $15 per headman and $5 for all other band members; a one-time cash payment of $12 for each band member; and reserve lands in the amount of one mile2 (about 2.5 km2) per family of five. 1876 - 1883: Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote (Strike him on the back), 1920 - 1924: Harry Atcheynum (Son of Strike him on the back), 1925 - 1964: Sam Swimmer (Son of Yellow Mud) Last hereditary Chief, For a summary for our History in brief, find it on the Battleford's Agency Tribal Chief's Website at www.batc.ca/sweetgrass/, P.O. [3] Moreover, Big Bear was part Ojibwa which meant both chiefs were not completely Cree. Morris reassured the First Nations that their way of life and survival would not be disturbed and guaranteed well into the future. Approximately 2,000 Cree, Assiniboine, and Saulteaux people were there to witness and be a part of this historic event, Chiefs Ahtahkakoop and Mistawasis greeted Morris and the Treaty Commissioners on August 15, 1876. Website Development Studio. [22] Days of fighting ensued however, both chiefs managed to survive.[23]. Morris agreed to hear Big Bear out, but the course of the Treaty proceedings with the other First Nations had already concluded and this put Big Bear in a difficult position to be able to negotiate any further. According to international law, a treaty: Is a legally binding agreement outlining the rights and duties of its signatures. [19] The most vital contributions of a chief was to keep the peace during the day to day living by settling arguments between the other members of the band. Just before the Treaty party left Fort Pitt, Also, he did not want his people to be under the rule of the Crown, and said to the people, I heard the Governor was coming and I said I shall see him; when I see him I will make a request that he will save me from what I most dread that is: the rope to be about my neck. Big Bear, a proud Cree, was using a, Thirteen years later in 1889, the Lac La Ronge and Montreal Lake Bands adhered to Treaty Six which expanded the territory of Treaty Six. (. Just before the Treaty party left Fort Pitt, Big Bear arrived and asked to speak with Morris. On September 9, the Chiefs and Headmen signed their approval to accept Treaty 6. 6 Recognition Day to commemorate the signing of the treaty in 1876. This propelled him to work with the Canadian and eventually sign Treaty Six. Throughout the 19th century, it appeared as though the federal government of Canada, situated in Ottawa, worked very hard to increase the dependency that aboriginal people had on it. Like the earlier agreements this treaty called on the natives to surrender their aboriginal title to the lands they inhabited In return they were promised reserves education and farming supplies and the right to hunt trap and fish as well as annual cash payments. There were a lot of doubts and heavy conversations among the First Nations, they were not convinced that this new way of life would be able to sustain them into the future. The pipe stem was presented to the Governor and Treaty Commissioners where they stroked the stem. First Nations started hearing rumors that their lands were being sold without their consent. [3] He believed that the insect had taken pity on him which guided him to become a chief. There were many subsequent adhesions to the treaty by . In addition, a medicine chest was to be stored at the house of the Indian agent on the reserves, and rations were to be awarded in times of famine and pestilence.. (Mtis fur trader and politician), as well as translators, assistants and NWMP escorts. Mistahimaskwa was frustrated and surprised that the other chiefs had not waited for him to return before concluding the negotiations. He suggested to Morris that the government needed to preserve what buffalo herds were left, so that they could all share equally. Morris said little to ease the concerns of Beardy and promised that they too would receive the same as the other bands including agricultural assistance for a new way of life. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Although there was much dissension from a number of First Nations, it was Ahtahkakoop and Mistawasis whoasked the representatives of the Crown what they could offer the people if they did not agree to Treaty. In 150 we had entered into the Robinson Huron Treaty to protect. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? The Crees were advised by members of Yellowquills band to prevent the treaty party from crossing the river as they were unhappy about the terms of Treaty 4. As stated previously, part of what the Cree wanted to be reflected by the terms of Treaty 6 was an end to the factionalism that had pitted the younger members of the Cree community against the older Indigenous Leadership. Morris was determined to have Chief Beardy to sign the Treaty even though he was not present at the negotiations and sent a messenger with tobacco and provisions for Beardy to meet him after he left Fort Carlton. Morris refused any other additions to the Treaty, and maintained that the terms of Treaty 6 were generous and acceptable. Sweet Grass had also requested that the government provide supplies as needed so that they may sustain themselves when traditional hunting was not an option. He was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. What was the outcome of Chief Sweet Grass signing treaties six? Chief Weekaskookwasayin (Sweet Grass) permitted Morris to explain those terms to the congregation. The University of Saskatchewan's main campus is situated onTreaty 6 Territory and the Homeland of the Mtis. We heard our lands were sold and we did not like it; we don't want to sell our lands; it is our property, and no one has the right to sell them. There typically was a large number of warriors within a band and these men held extremely high prestige. [21], Sweet Grass often worked closely with the fellow Cree chief Big Bear. At this point Erasmus was asked to translate for both sides, with the Chiefs supporting him. [17] The soul was able to leave the body during visions where it would accompany their spiritual helper. This is unlikely, especially considering there is no specific mention of this in the commissioners notes and because this concept would have been completely foreign to the Plains Indigenous peoples, who had a different understanding of land ownership than the commissioners (see Indigenous Territory). Included would be a medicine chest kept at the Indian Agents homes for the use of the First Nations but at the discretion of the Indian Agent. Prime Minister John A. Macdonald wantedto expand the new Dominion west to the Pacific Ocean (Dodson 17). They hunted in the same territory and would often hunt and camp together. We want you to stop the Americans from coming to trade on our lands, and giving firewater, ammunition, and arms to our enemies the Blackfeet. The specific word used was stragglers which gave the impression that the government did not see these people as any more than falling behind in Canada's idealized picture of what life of Indigenous people would be. On 27 July 1876, Morris left for Fort Carlton to negotiate a treaty with the Plains Indigenous peoples of Saskatchewan. Land title refers to specific rights to a territory. Treaty 6 peoples have also protected their treaty rights through land claims and lawsuits. There were also village elders and warriors. They wanted assurance of their spiritual and physical survival (Price 20). John A. Macdonald did not want to go to war with the First Nations as the Americans were in the south to attain lands. Many chiefs signed adhesions to Treaty 6 in the years after 1876, seeing it as the only viable option to protect their people and provide a better life for them. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. They were also concerned about starvation due to the diminishing supply of bison and other large game on which their economy depended. How did Treaty 6 affect the First Nations? The meaning of land and the surrender of it was not entirely understood by those who were signing the agreement. The Treaty promised to give the Tlicho annual payments and services, like medical care, education and old age care. [6], Due to the fact that Sweet Grass' Mother was captured by a Cree tribe, it is unknown if she partook in the established birthing and naming traditions. Sweet Grass during the signing of the treaty was one of the most well-regarded plains Cree chiefs and was given a position of importance during negotiations. [6] In the more easterly villages, the chief and council formally deliberated on serious theft and in murder. [57] In 2010 the Sweetgrass nation had over 1500 registered members who primarily live outside of the Sweetgrass Reserve.[55]. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass). The two messengers, Rev. [26] Edmonton was founded in Treaty No 6 territory and Treaty No 6 Recognition Day recognizes Edmonton's connection with the First peoples of this land. He recounted the important points the Chiefs expressed regarding their physical and cultural survival, recounted the moving speeches of Ahtahkakoop and Mistawasis, and the special provisions that they negotiated to be included. Mistawasis asked Pitikwahanapiwiyin, Have you anything better to offer our people? Pitikwahanapiwiyin did not respond to that question directly, but held firm in his beliefs that the treaty terms were unfair and inadequate. The First Nations assembled near the Chiefs tents, to the sound of beating drums and the discharge of small arms, singing, dancing, and loud speaking going on at the same time, as told by A.G. Jackes secretary to the Treaty Commisoner. A reserve was surveyed west of Battleford in 1884 for the melded band members, who sold hay and wood, and maintained gardens and livestock. That is all.. The Sweetgrass First Nation is a Cree First Nation in Cut Knife, Saskatchewan, Canada. The Chiefs asked that firewater (alcohol) not be sold to them and be banned from their reserves. [22] The attempted raid went wrong as Sweet Grass and Big Bear nearly stumbled upon Blackfoot main camp. Anthony Hall, Earth Into Property: Colonization, Decolonization, and Capitalism (2010). Our young men are foolish, it may not last long. The Plains Cree were not always the victims of this conflict. Treaty 6, between the Queen and bands of Cree and Stoney First Nations, was negotiated and signed at Fort Carlton and Duck Lake in August, and at Fort Pitt in September, 1876. Some were away, including Cree chief Mistahimaskwa (Big Bear). [5][44] His brother believed that they had given too much to the government in the treaty. The Government of Canada held Big Bear responsible, convicted him of treason-felony, and sentenced him to three years in Stony Mountain Penitentiary. The Queens representative, Alexander Morris, dressed in a cocked hat, blue uniform with gold braid and lace, was accompanied by the North West Mounted Police and treaty commissioners William J. Christie and James McKay. John A. Macdonald had to protect the west from American expansion after they bought Alaska in 1867 (Natural Resources Canada). Mtis observer and translator, Peter Erasmus noted that Morris was shaken by the incident. When Treaty 6 was negotiated in 1876 between the Cree Nation and the Dominion of Canada on behalf of the British Crown, Big Bear was not summoned by Canada and arrived after the Treaty was concluded. The signing of Treaty 6 was not the only reason for conflict between the Cree and other prominent Indigenous tribes in the region. Its used to categorize all Indigenous Peoples from across Canada as one big homogenized group. Sweet Grass was one of the Chiefs who was more willing to work with them. In the end, Chief Beardy agreed with the terms of the Treaty and signed it. This became one of many classic misinterpretations of the Treaty process as viewed in history. Aboriginal has been an umbrella term used by Canadians and Canadian institutions for convenience. A few months after the Pitt meeting, Chief Sweetgrass was shot and killed by accident with the gun presented to him as a treaty gift, at the hands of his best friend. Schools were to be established on reserves. Limits on the Treaty Power Harvard Law Review. They felt the treaty did not do enough to protect the Cree 'way of life' and forced assimilation into European culture and 'way of life'. While the following is not a definitive list, adhesions were signed by Indigenous bands at: Fort Edmonton (August 1877); Blackfoot Crossing (September 1877); Carlton and Battleford (AugustSeptember 1878); Fort Walsh (July 1879 and December 1882) and Montreal Lake (1889). What Treaty 6 peoples are close to Edmonton? [24] Additionally, as the Hudson's Bay Company moved into the prairies, the fur trade offered an extremely important source of income and goods for the Cree. James Rodger Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant: Aboriginal Treaty-making in Canada (2009). One of the requests that Sweet Grass made to the government was to teach the Cree better farming techniques. He raised the stem to the heavens, then slowly turned to the north, south, east, and west - presenting the stem at each point. The federal government was not interested in negotiating a treaty at this time, believing that it was not essential, even though local missionaries and government agents tried to convince them otherwise. [39] The unpreparedness or perhaps unwillingness of the Canadian government to deal with the problems of indigenous peoples continued long after the signing of Treaty 6 but it was Sweet Grass firm belief that this was the best way to ensure that indigenous culture survived.[36]. In 1882, Young Sweet Grass & seventeen followers joined Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote (Strikes him on the back), who had signed Treaty 6 at Fort Carlton on August 28, 1876. [14], Cree religion believed in a single powerful creator which they based their ideology and ceremonies on. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. We never shed any white mans blood, and we have always been friendly with the whites, and want workmen, carpenters and farmers to assist us when we settle. The negotiations began at a traditional camping area the Crees called pehonanik or the waiting place, located a mile and half from the Fort (Stonechild and Waiser 12). It belonged to no one man and could not be sold (Christensen 146). He died January 17, 1888 and is buried in the Poundmaker cemetery. I want all my brother Sweetgrass asks. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. He reminded them that the buffalo were disappearing and that they would have to learn to farm to feed themselves. From here the group made income from farming and lumber sale, supplemented with traditional methods as much as possible. He suggested to Morris that the government needed to preserve what buffalo herds were left, so that they could all share equally. He also agreed to give agricultural implements. The First Nations interpreted the loss of the buffalo to be the general famine covered under the famine clause of Treaty 6, and many observers in the North-West agreed. The pipe stem was presented to the Governor and Treaty Commissioners where they stroked the stem. It covered 117 articles, including the establishment of a code of law and form of government between the five nations. [17] After death, the soul would wonder the earth for four days, and then would travel to the land of the dead, which was believed to be in the Milky Way. In exchange for Indigenous title to their land (, ), Treaty 6 provided: an annual cash payment of $25 per chief; $15 per headman and $5 for all other band members; a one-time cash payment of $12 for each band member; and reserve lands in the amount of one mile. ) They continued to deliberate for the next two days. After explaining the treaty terms, the Duck Lake chiefs and headmen also signed the treaty. When they arrived at the council tent they hoisted the union jack - the flag of Britain. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. After resisting sending children into the Canadian school system, the Cree living on the reserve received no food rations, until they capitulated. While there was a Cree verbal translation, the Treaty was made in English. Mistahimaskwa was not the only chief who initially refused to sign the treaty. Chief Beardy then refused to be part of the negotiations at Fort Carlton and Morris understood this would be a problem to the Treaty process for the Willow Cree(Stonechild and Waiser 11). As this agreement is the first legal agreement between these Indigenous groups and the new Canadian government, which continued to impact and facilitate interactions between them. The event was organized to commemorate the signing of Treaty No. Sweet Grass himself converted to Catholicism in 1870, following a general shift of Cree towards Christianity. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. It was a tough decision to make. We heard our lands were sold and we did not like it; we dont want to sell our lands; it is our property, and no one has the right to sell them. First Nations had practiced their own governance and other systems for thousands of years. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. [50] The primary goal of the raid was to get supplies, but it after some pushback from the settlers it quickly became violent. In 1870 Sweetgrass allowed himself to be baptized and was given the name Abraham.[28]. [3] Sweet Grass was ten years older, so Big Bear recognized him as the superior chief. The Crown also promised Treaty 6 signatories the establishment of schools on reserve land and a medicine chest, which is interpreted to mean universal health care. In Canada, Aboriginal title describes the rights of Indigenous peoples to land based on long-standing land use and occupancy. Michael Asch, Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada (2011). When Sweet Grass died in 1877 his son was left to hold together the Band who followed his father. [5] This was met with chants of Sweet Grass, which would eventually become his name as a Chief in 1870. Big Bear held out on signing an adhesion until 1882. . 10 How did Treaty 6 affect the First Nations? What was the outcome of Chief Sweet Grass signing treaties six? Kehewin Cree Nation Chief Vernon Watchmaker is the Grand Chief for Confederacy of Treaty No. However, Big Bear was forced by starvation to adhere to Treaty 6 in 1882 and settled into the Frog Lake area. They disagreed with many aspects of the Treaty as they found that many of the promises did not provide the Cree with enough security for their future. Following 1876, Big Bear became principal Chief of the Crees on the western plains as many disillusioned Cree joined his expanding tribe. Children typically lived a carefree and adventurous childhood. . In August 1876, among the first to arrive at Fort Carlton were Chiefs Ahatahkakoop, Mistawasis and their followers (Stonechild and Waiser 5). They created an iron alliance that enabled them to expand across the northern plains. We want cattle, tools, agricultural implements, and assistance in everything when we come to settle- our country is no longer able to support us. In August 1876, among the first to arrive at Fort Carlton were Chiefs Ahatahkakoop, Mistawasis and their followers (, Gov. [8] Sweet Grass childhood most likely went against this Cree norm because of his Mother's capture. Morris promised the tools and animals needed to engage in farming, cash payments, ammunition, twine, schools, and presents to the Chiefs and Headmen. He resented the notion completely how could the government give them land that they already possessed? Because of these important disagreements with treaty they would refuse to sign and did all they could to protect what was left of the buffalo herds(Dodson 22). Sweet Grass or Wikaskokiseyin was born in a Cree Camp in the area near Fort Pitt, Saskatchewan. Who negotiated Treaty 6? [3] They bonded over sharing the characteristic of being small, but mighty warriors. Chief Mistawasis and Chief Ahtahkakoop represented the Carlton Cree. If you cant come yourself, send someone in your place. [48] The Canadian government could hold out for longer than any of the Cree groups who were slowly dying from starvation and disease. "Biography WIKASKOKISEYIN, ABRAHAM Volume X (1871-1880) Dictionary of Canadian Biography", "History from a Different Angle: Narrative Strategies in The Temptations of Big Bear", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet_Grass_(Cree_chief)&oldid=1091635942, This page was last edited on 5 June 2022, at 12:56. Chief Sweetgrass arrived the next day and met with the rest of the First Nations to discuss what had happened at Fort Carlton. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? By 1870 Canada was made up of four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. [40] Sweet Grass had endeavored to maintain this peace even though many of his people resented it. After the ceremony, Morris explained that the government sent him to Fort Carlton to create an agreement with the Cree that would endure as long as that sun shines and yonder river flows. In order to do so, however, he required all of the chiefs and community leaders in the area to be present. They had sent a war party to a Blackfoot camp and killed 18 Blackfeet in addition to stealing horses. Sweet Grass believed that working alongside the government was one of the only solutions to the daily hardship the Cree were faced with. [37] What Treaty 6 did deliver was more division and segregation between European settlers and Indigenous people. Currently the band controls 20,354.6 ha of land, the largest block of which is located 26 km west of North Battleford. Despite it being a highly valuable horse Sweetgrass traded it for an inferior one, understanding the importance of the group over the individual. According to Erasmus, Mistawasis and Ahtukukoop essentially silenced Pitikwahanapiwiyin and other dissenters. Many people would leave the reserve due to government policies to limit food rations. Morris reassured the terms of the treaty, I want the Indians to understand that all that has been offered is a gift, and they still have the same mode of living as before (Christensen 268). [15] This figure held no real identity and did not appear to anyone in visions or contact. Chiefs Ahtukukoop and Mistawasis held more influence in Cree political and social circles than Pitikwahanapiwiyin and, as a result, the other chiefs and leaders agreed that entering into a treaty with the Crown was the best option. What benefits did the newcomers receive through treaty six? 6 between the Plains, Wood Cree, Nakota, Saulteaux, and Dene people and the Crown at Fort Carlton on August 23, 1876. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on . This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Why was Treaty 6 so important? Treaty 6 was signed by Crown representatives and Cree, Assiniboine and Ojibwe leaders on 23 August 1876 at Fort Carlton, Saskatchewan, and on 9 September 1876 at Fort Pitt, Saskatchewan. select distinct presto, carta retiro espiritual para jovenes, lloyds pharmacy newham hospital opening times, Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6 in 1882 and settled into the future Chiefs who was more division and between! Band controls 20,354.6 ha of land, the Treaty analyzed and have been... They bought Alaska in 1867 ( Natural Resources Canada ) that year, Sweet Grass ( Weekaskookwasayin ) Treaty! And occupancy who were signing the agreement closely with the Christian name Abraham. 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