why did ernest shackleton go to antarctica

[88], On 24 February, realising that she would be trapped until the following spring, Shackleton ordered the abandonment of ship's routine and her conversion to a winter station. He proved, though,. He then sought to cash in on his celebrity by making a fortune in the business world. The attempt this week to find Sir Ernest Shackleton's missing ship, the Endurance, has ended - without success. The members of the expedition then drifted on ice floes for another five months and finally escaped in boats to Elephant Island in the South Shetland Islands, where they subsisted on seal meat, penguins, and their dogs. [14] Following the outbreak of the Boer War in 1899, Shackleton transferred to the troopship Tintagel Castle where, in March 1900, he met an army lieutenant, Cedric Longstaff, whose father Llewellyn W. Longstaff was the main financial backer of the National Antarctic Expedition then being organised in London. [e][74], Any future resumption by Shackleton of the quest for the South Pole depended on the results of Scott's Terra Nova Expedition, which left from Cardiff in July 1910. The expedition's other main accomplishments included the first ascent of Mount Erebus, and the discovery of the approximate location of the South Magnetic Pole, reached on 16 January 1909, by Edgeworth David, Douglas Mawson and Alistair Mackay. [51] Nimrod arrived at McMurdo Sound on 29 January, but was stopped by ice 16 miles (26km) north of Discovery's old base at Hut Point. November 1st 1915 - After an attempt to march with boats and sleds, "Ocean Camp" is established a mile and a half from the Endurance. [90], Until this point, Shackleton had hoped that the ship, when released from the ice, could work her way back towards Vahsel Bay. [15], The British National Antarctic Expedition, known as the Discovery expedition after the ship Discovery, was the brainchild of Sir Clements Markham, president of the Royal Geographical Society, and had been many years in preparation. The "Great Southern Journey",[54] as Frank Wild called it, began on 29 October 1908. [33], After a period of convalescence in New Zealand, Shackleton returned to England via San Francisco and New York. The astonishing challenge - to cross Antarctica from one coast to the other - didn't exactly go to plan and actually resulted in . [105], On the following day, they were able, finally, to land on the unoccupied southern shore. [f][75] The transcontinental journey, in Shackleton's words, was the "one great object of Antarctic journeyings" remaining, now open to him. Rowett agreed to finance the entire expedition, which became known as the ShackletonRowett Expedition. [70] He had been in discussions with Douglas Mawson about a scientific expedition to the Antarctic coast between Cape Adare and Gaussberg, and had written to the RGS about this in February 1910. In 1905, Shackleton became a shareholder in a speculative company that aimed to make a fortune transporting Russian troops home from the Far East. Shackleton led four expeditions to the Antarctic during his life. [157] Also in 2013, a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the Teloschistaceae family was published as Shackletonia by botanists Schting, Frdn & Arup. [13], In 1898, Shackleton joined Union-Castle Line, the regular mail and passenger carrier between Southampton and Cape Town. [168] Blended with a parallel story of a struggling composer, the play retells the adventure of Endurance in detail, incorporating photos and videos of the journey. He joined Capt. In 2017 Nancy Koehn argued that, in spite of Shackleton's mistakes, financial problems and narcissism, he developed the capability to be successful. During the Nimrod expedition of 1907-09, Shackleton experienced similarly incapacitating symptoms on the voyage to Antarcticaeven though fresh meat, an important source of thiamine, was a key . [115] He returned home in April 1918. He thought seriously of going to the Beaufort Sea area of the Arctic, a largely unexplored region, and raised some interest in this idea from the Canadian government. McIlroy was head of the scientific staff, which included Wordie. The Shackletons came originally from Yorkshire. [a][30] The journey was marred by the poor performance of the dogs, whose food had become tainted, and who rapidly fell sick. Abraham Shackleton, an English Quaker, moved to Ireland in 1726 and started a school at Ballitore, County Kildare. Transcript. Ernest Shackleton never did reach the South Pole or cross Antarctica. Shackleton's first solo expedition The crew escaped by camping on the sea ice until it disintegrated, then by launching the lifeboats to reach Elephant Island and ultimately South Georgia Island, a stormy ocean voyage of 720 nautical miles (1,330km; 830mi) and Shackleton's most famous exploit. The fate of Scott's expedition was not then known. Shackleton received a message saying the King would not be able to go. [123] In 1920, tired of the lecture circuit, Shackleton began to consider the possibility of a last expedition. Shackleton reluctantly agreed to look for winter quarters at either the Barrier Inletwhich Discovery had briefly visited in 1902or King Edward VII Land. He joined the merchant navy when he was 16 and worked on many different ships. What was Ernest Shackleton famous for? October 27th 1915 - The Endurance is badly damaged by the pressure of ice acting upon her and leaking, Shackleton orders her to be abandoned, stores and equipment are taken onto the sea-ice and a camp established. The story of Shackleton's ill-fated journey exemplifies the strength of human spirit and one man's determination to succeed against all odds. Disaster struck this expedition when its ship, Endurance, became trapped in pack ice and was slowly crushed before the shore parties could be landed. Shackleton took care of other business, rejoining Nimrod in Lyttleton, New Zealand. Sir Ernest Shackleton's towering ambition and eagerness to explore the unknown led him to undertake the boldest adventure of his life, the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. Ernest Henry Shackleton British Antarctic Expedition (1907-09) When Ernest Shackleton arrived back in England on 12 June 1903, he found that Scott's 1901-04 expedition, from which had been virtually sacked, was a controversial subject. [100], Elephant Island was an inhospitable place, far from any shipping routes; rescue by means of chance discovery was very unlikely. Before departing, Scott had been told that the expedition was not to stay a second winter, and Discovery . (, The distance from the Pole is commonly given as 97 or 98 miles, this being the distance in nautical miles. [11] The aim was the conquest of both the geographical South Pole and the South Magnetic Pole. Shackleton was a romantic adventurer, who became interested in exploration and joined the Royal Geographical Society while still at sea. [11], Shackleton's restlessness at school was such that he was allowed to leave at 16 and go to sea. [6] Ernest was the second of their ten children and the first of two sons; the second, Frank, achieved notoriety as a suspect, later exonerated, in the 1907 theft of the so-called Irish Crown Jewels, which have never been recovered. In August,1914, Ernest Shackleton led a team to Antarctica. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Over a century after it sank to the depths of the Weddell Sea off the coast of Antarctica, the lost ship of Anglo Irish explorer Ernest Shackleton has been found. It was led by Robert Falcon Scott, a Royal Navy torpedo lieutenant lately promoted commander,[18] and had objectives that included scientific and geographical discovery. Although he'd been sent home from the trip due to ill health, Shackleton vowed to return to the Antarctic and prove himself as a polar . While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. On 9 January 1909, Shackleton and three companionsWild, Eric Marshall and Jameson Adamsreached a new Farthest South latitude of 8823'S, a point only 112 miles (180km) from the Pole. [149] Shackleton has also been cited as a model leader by the US Navy, and in a textbook on Congressional leadership, Peter L Steinke calls Shackleton the archetype of the "nonanxious leader" whose "calm, reflective demeanor becomes the antibiotic warning of the toxicity of reactive behaviour". [106] For their journey, the survivors were only equipped with boots they had pushed screws into to act as climbing boots, a carpenter's adze, and 50feet of rope. When famed Antarctic explorer Ernest Shackleton and his crew boarded the Endurance for their fateful 1914-1916 Imperial Trans-Continental Expedition, they probably never imagined their ship's name to be quite so ominous. [8] Four years later, the family moved again, from Ireland to Sydenham in suburban London. At 47 years old, Shackleton was on his fourth journey to Antarctica, and the third he had led. After sea . EXPLORERS - ROALD AMUNDSEN. The sledging party returned to the base camp in late February 1909, but they discovered that the Nimrod had set sail some two days earlier. Tom Crean was in more immediate charge as head dog-handler. Four months later, after leading four separate relief expeditions, Shackleton succeeded in rescuing his crew from Elephant Island. In the preface to his 1922 book The Worst Journey in the World, Apsley Cherry-Garrard, one of Scott's team on the Terra Nova Expedition, wrote: "For a joint scientific and geographical piece of organisation, give me Scott; for a Winter Journey, Wilson; for a dash to the Pole and nothing else, Amundsen: and if I am in the devil of a hole and want to get out of it, give me Shackleton every time". This allowed for Shackleton to remain in control of the morale of his crew members. The third option was chosen. When Sir Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition left South Georgia Island on 5 December 1914 to assist his bid to be the first to cross the Antarctic continent, he had no idea that a year and a half later he would end up on a rescue mission trekking across the very same subantarctic island where he started. This group, despite many hardships, had carried out its depot-laying mission to the full, but three lives had been lost, including that of its commander, Aeneas Mackintosh.[111]. In charge of holds, stores and provisions[] He also arranges the entertainments. (, Beardmore's help took the form of guaranteeing a loan at Clydesdale Bank, for 7,000 (2008 equivalent approx. Shackleton is best known for his extraordinary achievement in leading the men of his Endurance expedition safely out of the Antarctic after their ship had been crushed in the ice. Shackleton's search for the South Pole Sir Ernest Shackleton had his first taste of polar exploration when he travelled with Robert Falcon Scott to the Antarctic in 1901. [169], "Shackleton" redirects here. His handling of the ships under his command combined with his understanding of Antarctic conditions was crucial to the safety of the expeditions he undertook with Ernest Shackleton and Douglas Mawson. [12] The options available were a Royal Navy cadetship at Britannia, which Shackleton could not afford; the mercantile marine cadet ships Worcester and Conway; or an apprenticeship "before the mast" on a sailing vessel. For other uses, see, Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 19141917, Modern calculations, based on Shackleton's photograph and Wilson's drawing, place the furthest point reached at 8211'. He was, as a shipmate recorded, "a departure from our usual type of young officer", content with his own company though not aloof, "spouting lines from Keats [and] Browning", a mixture of sensitivity and aggression but, withal, sympathetic. A revival of the vintageand since lostformula for the particular brands found has been offered for sale with a portion of the proceeds to benefit the New Zealand Antarctic Heritage Trust which discovered the lost spirits. What did Ernest Shackleton accomplish on his expedition to Antarctica? [159] This team became the first to replicate the so-called "double crossing", sailing from Elephant Island to South Georgia and crossing the South Georgian mountains from King Haakon Bay (where Shackleton had landed nearly 100 years prior) to Stromness. [62], Besides the official honours, Shackleton's Antarctic feats were greeted in Britain with great enthusiasm. Updates? When did Ernest Shackleton reach Antarctica? Copy. Event and key to map Time since leaving England Date 8 Shackleton, Worsley, and Crean reach Stromness whaling station 21 months, 12 days May 20th 1916. [156] Asteroid 289586 Shackleton, discovered by Swiss amateur astronomer Michel Ory in 2005, was named in his memory. He was planning to cross it. [101] The strongest of the tiny 20-foot (6.1m) lifeboats, christened James Caird after the expedition's chief sponsor, was chosen for the trip. [9], From early childhood, Shackleton was a voracious reader, a pursuit which sparked a passion for adventure. Ernest Shackleton and Edward Wilson, took them to a latitude of 8217S, about 530 miles (850 km) from the pole. Antarctic explorer Ernest Shackleton's century-old whisky has been retrieved. [116] On the way he was taken ill in Troms, possibly with a heart attack. March 24, 2002. Shackleton's will was proven in London on 12 May 1922. What is Ernest Shackleton best known for? Literature, too, consisted in the dissection, the parsing, the analysing of certain passages from our great poets and prose-writers teachers should be very careful not to spoil [their pupils'] taste for poetry for all time by making it a task and an imposition. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 10 December 2011 (M.P.C. [84], Despite the outbreak of the First World War on 3 August 1914, Endurance was directed by the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, to "proceed",[g] and left British waters on 8 August. The Endurance Expedition was a British mission to cross the Antarctic on foot in 1914-17. [38] With Sir Clements Markham's blessing, he accepted a temporary post assisting the outfitting of the Terra Nova for the second Discovery relief operation, but turned down the offer to sail with her as chief officer. [160][161], The expedition very carefully matched legacy conditions, using a replica of the James Caird (named for the project's patron: the Alexandra Shackleton), period clothing (by Burberry), replica rations (both in calorific content and rough constitution), period navigational aids, and a Thomas Mercer chronometer just as Shackleton had used. [40] On 9 April 1904, he married Emily Dorman, with whom he had three children: Raymond, Cecily, and Edward, himself an explorer and later a politician.[41]. Edgeworth David, and Douglas Mawson. [147] Other management writers soon followed this lead, using Shackleton as an exemplar for bringing order from chaos. Shackleton's original plans had envisaged using the old Discovery base in McMurdo Sound to launch his attempts on the South Pole and South Magnetic Pole. [27][28], The party set out on 2 November 1902. He was one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. What did Lord Davis do in the Antarctic? [128] He refused a proper medical examination, so Quest continued south, and on 4 January 1922, arrived at South Georgia. February 5, 2010, 10:09 AM. He. A little Ernest Shackleton background. [76], Shackleton published details of his new expedition, grandly titled the "Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition", early in 1914. Other crew included James, Hussey, Greenstreet, a carpenter Harry McNish, and a biologist named Clark. [64][65] He was honoured by the Royal Geographical Society, who awarded him a gold medal; a proposal that the medal be smaller than that earlier awarded to Captain Scott was not acted on. [149] In 2001, the Athy Heritage Centre-Museum (now the Shackleton Museum), Athy, County Kildare, Ireland, established the Ernest Shackleton Autumn School, which is held annually, to honour the memory of Ernest Shackleton. But on January 5, 1922, he died of a heart attack off South Georgia and was buried on the island. It's probably fair to say that adventurer Ernest Shackleton's attempt to cross the 2,000-mile Antarctic continent in 1914 was a successful failure. Who were the first people to go to. Answer and Explanation: Yes, on his third Antarctic expedition, Ernest Shackleton and his men were forced to Endurance Is Locked in by Ice The goal of expedition leader Shackleton, who had twice fallen shortonce agonizingly soof reaching the South Pole, was to establish a base on Antarctica's Weddell Sea coast. [89] She drifted slowly northward with the ice through the following months. Mrs Chippy was shot when the Endurance sank, due to the belief that he would not have survived the ordeal that followed. Sadly, the expedition was a complete failure. He and his crew drifted on sheets of ice for months until they reached Elephant Island. ", Study of diaries kept by Eric Marshall, medical officer to the 190709 expedition, suggests that Shackleton suffered from an atrial septal defect ("hole in the heart"), a congenital heart defect, which may have been a cause of his health problems.[134]. Ward-room caterer. His first expedition, Discovery, took place between 1901 and 1903. Later in the 20th century, Shackleton was "rediscovered",[4] and became a role model for leadership in extreme circumstances.[5]. On January 4, 1922, Ernest Shackleton's ship, the Quest, finally reached South Georgia, an ice-capped island in the South Atlantic Ocean. Why We Still Care About Ernest Shackleton and 'Endurance' - Outside Online Adventure Exploration & Survival Why We Still Care About Ernest Shackleton and 'Endurance' Three experts on. [150], Shackleton's death marked the end of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration, a period of discovery characterised by journeys of geographical and scientific exploration in a largely unknown continent without any of the benefits of modern travel methods or radio communication. At the age of thirteen, he entered Dulwich College. Meanwhile, a second ship, the Aurora, would take a supporting party under Captain Aeneas Mackintosh to McMurdo Sound on the opposite side of the continent. In October 2015, Shackleton's decorations and medals were auctioned; the sale raised 585,000. Instead, he is a hero, the leader who saved his men on one of the most horrific voyages of exploration of the 20th century. Because he wanted to get from one side of the continent to the other. By ZOE MAGEE and MARLEI MARTINEZ. They later learned that the same hurricane had sunk a 500-ton steamer bound for South Georgia from Buenos Aires. Endurance did not have that hull shape. Under treacherous conditions, Shackleton's perilous journey and the subsequent rescue of all his men remains one of the most heroic stories of all time. Why did Ernest Shackleton want to go to Antarctica? [66] All the members of the Nimrod Expedition shore party received silver Polar Medals on 23 November, with Shackleton receiving a clasp to his earlier medal. [29] A record Farthest South latitude of 8217' was reached, beating the previous record established in 1900 by Carsten Borchgrevink. Shackleton and Scott stayed on friendly terms, at least until the publication of Scott's account of the southern journey in The Voyage of the Discovery. 2 . [69] The reality was that the expedition had left Shackleton deeply in debt, unable to meet the financial guarantees he had given to backers. Shackleton's . Stark images of Shackleton's struggle. In January 1908 he returned to Antarctica as leader of the British Antarctic (Nimrod) Expedition (190709). According to Macklin's own account, Macklin told him he had been overdoing things and should try to "lead a more regular life", to which Shackleton answered: "You are always wanting me to give up things, what is it I ought to give up?" They set sail again on New Year's Day, 1908. Longstaff, impressed by Shackleton's keenness, recommended him to Sir Clements Markham, the expedition's overlord, making it clear that he wanted Shackleton accepted. [15] On 17 February 1901, his appointment as third officer to the expedition's ship Discovery was confirmed; on 4 June he was commissioned into the Royal Navy, with the rank of sub-lieutenant in the Royal Naval Reserve. Like many great tales, Shackleton's story is one of failure. By early 1912, the world was aware that the pole had been conquered, by the Norwegian Roald Amundsen. Although he'd been sent home from the trip due to ill health, Shackleton vowed to return to the Antarctic and prove himself as a polar explorer. Study now. [44] Shackleton by this time was making no secret of his ambition to return to Antarctica at the head of his own expedition. Shackleton made his own discoveries about Antarctica, but he was not the first to explore the continent. Omissions? [76], Shackleton used his considerable fund-raising skills, and the expedition was financed largely by private donations, although the British government gave 10,000 (about 900,000 in 2019 terms). [99], On 9 March 2022, it was announced that the Endurance had been located 4 miles (6.4km) from the location where it was lost, 10,000 feet (3,000m) below the surface. Corrections? and I said 'Yes darling, as far as I am concerned'". [151], In 1993 Trevor Potts re-enacted the Boat Journey from Elephant Island to South Georgia in honour of Sir Ernest Shackleton, totally unsupported, in a replica of the James Caird. Mackintosh, sailed in the Aurora and laid depots as far as latitude 8330 S for the use of the Trans-Antarctic party; three of this party died on the return journey. Shackleton served in the British army during World War I and served as a military advisor in the multinational North Russia Expeditionary Force during the Russian Civil War. The ship, after a drift of many months, had returned to New Zealand. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ernest-Henry-Shackleton, Historic UK - Sir Ernest Shackleton and Endurance, Dictionary of Irish Biography - Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, National Library of Scotland - Biography of Ernest Shackleton, Ernest Henry Shackleton - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Ernest Shackleton - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Ernest Shackleton's South Pole expedition, British Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. He planned to cross Antarctica from a base on the Weddell Sea to McMurdo Sound, via the South Pole, but the expedition ship Endurance was trapped in ice off the Caird coast and drifted for 10 months before being crushed in the pack ice. A supporting party, the Ross Sea party led by A.E. [116], Shackleton was specially appointed a temporary major on 22 July 1918. This party would then lay supply depots across the Great Ice Barrier as far as the Beardmore Glacier; these depots would hold the food and fuel that would enable Shackleton's party to complete their journey of 1,800 miles (2,900km) across the continent. Sheets of ice for months until they reached Elephant Island writers soon this! Four years later, the family moved again, from early childhood, Shackleton was a voracious reader, pursuit! Restlessness at school was such that he would not have survived the ordeal that.... The Norwegian Roald Amundsen third he had led at sea follow citation style rules, there may be some.! 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